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It is commonly perceived that the mechanistic organization and the bureaucracy are similar and the two may overlap and even be the same organization. Even much of the academic literature seems to take this point. In fact, there is much similarity but no real overlap between the two. This comment may be controversial, but seems clear when the function and emphasis of the two forms are compared. A bureaucracy is based on standardization of process and protection of the hierarchy. If the members of the hierarchy each follow the prescribed rules and procedures, they are virtually immune from criticism. In a mechanistic organization, the emphasis is on output. The rational for mechanistic organizations is efficiency. (Burns and Stalker) This is absolutely not the rational for a bureaucratic organization. The functions of the manager in each instance are similar, but not the same. In both cases, the manager is a disciplinarian and supervisor to assure that each process is carr

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International business mergers often fail when one or more government interests in the companies are involved. This seemed to be the case here: "Volvo shareholders are getting cold feet over the anticipated conclusion of plans to merge with Renault. They are concerned that France is unwilling to set a date for privatization of the company. Another concern is the share the French government will have in the company after the merger" ("Back to the way" para 2.) It seems

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Case Analysis: "Three Shifts, Three Supervisors" Question 1. According to path goal theory (127), the challenge for a leader is to use a leadership style that best meets subordinates' motivational needs, accomplished by choosing behaviors that complement or supplement what is missing in the work setting. In this instance, Carol recognizes the deficits that are associated with the work roles of her subordinates. Unlike Art and Tom, Carol links company goals and rewards to productivity. She also recognizes the characteristics of the tasks that workers must complete, defines and clarifies goals and the path to achieve those goals, and removes obstacles while pr

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Transportation Manager General Description A transportation manager's job is to "plan, direct, and coordinate the transportation operations within an organization or the activities of organizations that provide transportation services" ("Transportation Managers Job Description"). Positions There is a variety of transportation manager jobs. Transportation terminal managers manage airport, bus, or train terminals. Transportation logistics managers are concerned with the transport of materials rather than people. Facility transportation managers manage "private fleet operations, outsourced fleet operations, small package, less than truckload (LTL) and truckload (TL)" shipments ("Facility Transportation Manager"). Education/Work Experience Needed Transportation terminal managers need two to five years

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Introduction In film director Mehboob Khan's Mother India (1957), we see that the director presents a very complex portrait of Radha, a woman who stands up to men, earns her own living, and takes dramatic action when her wayward son Birju exacts vengeance on the money-lender Sukhilala. In director Sooraj R. Barjatya's film Hum Aapke Hain Kaun...! (Who Am I To You?), the character of Nisha is constructed more along the lines of the conventional Indian woman, a "good woman" who adopts a submissive role of wife and mother. Despite the unconventional construction of Indian woman by Khan and the conventional construction of Indian woman by Barjatya, Radha and Nisha both women are constructed in the mold of the goddess Sita. Body In Mother India Khan constructs an unconventional Indian woman in the character of Radha. Because her mother-in-law takes a loan to pay for Radha's wedding to Shamu, a series of misfortunes occur in Radha's life. She is ch

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Introduction According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA, 2008), methamphetamine is a very addictive stimulant known on the street as 'meth,' 'speed,' 'chalk,' or 'ice.' It was developed from a parent drug (amphetamine) that is used in nasal decongestants and bronchial inhalers. The NIDA (2008) reports that the immediate effects of the drug include increased activity and talkativeness, decreased appetite, and a general sense of well-being. As to the use of this drug, the NIDA states that its use is fairly widespread and most especially in the West (e.g., Honolulu, San Diego, Seattle, San Francisco, and Los Angeles) with about 10.4 million people age 12 or older (4.3 percent of the population) having tried meth at some point in their lives. The NIDA (2008) also reports that approximately 1.3 million people reported past-year usage of the drug in a comprehensive national survey they conducted and that the most likely user is a teenager or very young adult. The d

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PRO: Laissez faire economics is preferable to government regulation and intervention. The goal in a nation's economy is to make the people prosperous along with giving them the highest level of freedom that is possible, and laissez faire accomplishes this. The way it achieves that goal is by allowing the economy to grow without being controlled by the government. This means that taxation must be low, and there must be little attempt by the government to manipulate the market through regulations and market control. In addition, people are in charge of developing their own success and do not depend upon the government to do it through government programs.

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At issue in this analysis is the question of whether embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are a better medium than adult stem cells (ASCs) for scientific research leading ideally to major medical breakthroughs in terms of the prevention and treatment of disease, trauma, and even birth defects. Debate over this issue is quite intense and often emotionally charged (Korobkin & Munzer, 2007). It is all but impossible, according to Fischbach (2003), to consider this debate without reference to ethical concerns centered on whether or not scientific researchers will overtly or covertly obtain illegal ESCs by destroying embryos, or paying women to induce abortions. The questions of which type of stem cells are most likely to generate medical breakthroughs therefore include both methodological and ethical issues. Those who favor the use of ASCs do so in the belief that they are both as viable in research as are ESCs and, perhaps most significantly, are less likely to be acquired by unethical mean

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America is supposed to be the richest nation in the world, and yet the number of homeless increases year after year. Currently, one of the concerns is that of returning Iraqi War veterans who have no jobs, may have lost their families and, often due to mental stress or other undiagnosed illness, are unable to work or find a home to support themselves. Yet, while housing seems to be the major problem homelessness can be caused by a variety of problems. And, the specter of poverty surrounds every aspect of being homeless: "(There are)myriad reasons--domestic abuse, drug addiction, a sick child and no health insurance--why educated young people can, and do, end up homeless" (Gonneman 2005 86). In her review of a book by a homeless Mom, Ms. Ganneman explains about the failure of the social safety net for those trying to qualify for Section 8-the federal program that provides housing vouchers to low-income people. There are countless stories and editorials and TV documentarie

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In Robert Herrick's poem "To His Mistress Objecting To Him Neither Toying Or Talking," the poet provides a traditional sonnet of 14 lines, including a rhyming couplet to end the poem. In the poem, Herrick uses a number of poetic tools from metaphor to rhyme to illustrate the difference in emotion and gender when it comes to love. In the poem, the speaker protests his beloved's claim that he does not love her because he does not toy with her or talk to her to express his love. Herrick uses a number of poetical devices to express this emotional and gender difference with respect to love. Women are conventionally perceived as the emotional sex, while males are perceived as more stoic. Herrick's sonnet opens by giving us the perspective of a male speaker who is refuting the claims of his beloved that he loves her not. As Herrick (1) writes, "YOU say I love not, 'cause I do not play / Still with your curls, and kiss the time away." Herrick (1) uses metaphor to refer

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Introduction The following presents an essential concept of nursing, that patient personal and behavior-specific cognitions and affect must be understood in order for the nurse to provide optimal care to the patient. This concept is discussed as it relates to the philosophy and science of caring. Personal lived experience with knowledge of change and transition is included in the discussion. Roles and competencies of the Registered Nurse as they relate to the concept of needing to understand patient cognitions are noted and supported with primary resource articles, which provide information about nursing knowledge and application of the concept to practice. This is followed by a summary and conclusions. Identification of the Concept of Nursing and Theoretical Framework The essential concept of nursing for this paper is the notion that patient personal and behavior-specific cognitions and their affect must be understood in order for the nurse to provide

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Introduction Hinton (2000) defines a stereotype as a belief about an individual that derives from rigid attributes made based on perceived group membership, e.g., membership in a certain ethnic group or a certain gender group, or a certain age group. Stereotypes are said to be oversimplified and biased preconceptions of set characteristics of people, situations, or social groups. For example, Smith and associates define 'racism' as the belief that a particular racial group is inferior to another and that a person's social and moral traits are predetermined by his or her inborn racially-related biological characteristics. Sexism, according to Lun and colleagues (2007) is cognitively the same view except that the inferiority/superiority dimension is viewed in terms of gender. The same way of thinking is true for ageism, except that in this regard the 'inferior characteristics' are associated with membership in a certain age group (Nelson, 2004). As can be seen from their defini

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Muhammad's Prophetic Authority and Tribal Authority in Pre-Islamic Arabia Albert Hourani (14) commented that, by the early seventh century, there existed a combination of a settled world in Arabia, which had lost something of its strength and assurance, and another world on its frontiers, "which was in closer contact with its northern neighbors and opening itself to their cultures." The decisive meeting between these groups took place in the middle years of that century when a Meccan merchant known as Muhammad of the Quraysh tribe began revealing the Word of Allah as had been given to him. Muhammad's new prophetic teachings, derived from a path leading back to the Prophet Abraham, represented a very real challenge to the tribal system of authority developed by the Arabs, who were originally nomads (Nasr, 173). Inevitably, Muhammad's vision of an Islamic community or ummah "dominated by the truth of the Quranic revelation" threatened tribal allegiances in general and the author

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GE has long been a company whose culture was characterized by inbreeding. Since the advent of Jeffrey R. Immelt at its helm, however, a cultural revolution is in the works (Brady, 2005). Immelt came on board during a lagging domestic economy and a greater threat from global competitors and "has been on a mission to transform the hard-driving, process-oriented company into one steeped in creativity and w

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The U.K. ice cream market is "notoriously competitive" ("Nestlé Sells"). In 1999, the U.K.'s Competition Commission warned that "a monopoly may exist in favour of Bird's Eye Walls, the frozen food arm of Anglo-Dutch conglomerate Unilever" and the manufacturer of the Magnum, Cornetto, and Solero brands ("UK ice cream monopoly"). Birds Eye Walls supplied 37% of the U.K.'s impulse ice cream market and was far ahead of Nestlé's Lyons Maid brand, which h

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With the recent global situation, including the financial crisis, becoming ever more volatile and unstable, people are beginning to understand how important it is that there be no wasted effort in achieving one's personal and professional goals. Maybe there was a time when someone could drift from high school into college and take a year or two to figure out goals and declare a major. Not anymore. These days it's best to go into the first year of university with a roadmap and destination in mind. That destination may change, but in the meantime, information has been discovered and goals accomplished. In this essay I will outline my personal and professional goals and how I plan to achieve them, discussing goal development, time management, motivation, and innovation, or thinking outside the box. I plan to go into the family business and so have decided on Business Administration as my major. In order to achieve that one large goal at the end, I plan on setting up landma

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Few managers deny the value to an organization of its human resources. Many managers, however, tend to look on human resources as an unfortunately necessary evil. If they can rid the organization of such a dependency through automation, they will do that at almost any cost. Many more managers seek the commodification of human resources. These managers tend to embrace the worst aspects of the process of globalization through the proverbial race to the bottom in relation to worker compensation. Your comment appears to focus on the formal recognition in financial statements of only the highly qualified, most valuable of an organization's human resources. This focus is consistent with much of the literature on the subject because it is somewhat more easily discussed as the conceptual level. Stittle (2004) emphasized the importance o

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In setting out to discover America with his poodle "Charlie," John Steinbeck mainly discovers a dystopia driven by excessive and often specious desires. When Steinbeck discusses the concept of "junk" in American society in Travels with Charlie, he is talking about how our obsessive focus on things and materialism in modern culture has junked our societies and undermine our interpersonal relations. Materialism is replacing spiritualism in American society due to increasing consumerism in a capitalistic society. This analysis will argue that Steinbeck's concept of "junk" is his means of describing how materialism has undermined the spiritual values and way of life of a former era in American society. There is little denying that there is a focus on junk in many of the experiences had by the author on his travels throughout America. We see him visit all of the manufacturing areas like Flint, Cleveland, and other places such as New England where he sees towns ringed in "junk" which includes rusty automobiles, trash, and other refuse in

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A vital clue to the unsettling emotional content of "Those Winter Sundays" is contained in its first line. The poet's use of the word too is a jarring choice because it is the opening statement, and too is an adverb more usually employed in the middle or last part of a statement, clarifying and explaining the first part (as in, He went outside, and I went too.). In this text, however, the assertive usage of that word becomes a device for calling attention to itself and by extension to the critical nature of the text. The meaning of too is ambiguous: Does it suggest that the father's getting up was a special activity performed on the weekend as if it were just another workday, or does too suggest that the poet had something of an attitude about a parental routine that disturbed the poet's weekend sleep? In other words, does the poet remember the father's behavior fondly or in a surly way? The disagreeable portion of the poet's memory is of the physical environment of his chil

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Is prestige enough of a reason to get a white-collar job? Actually, no. There are several more important reasons that a white-collar job is better than a blue-collar job. A white-collar job accomplishes greater things for people, it generally provides a better living for the worker and his family, and it is far more likely to result in better jobs for others as well as for the worker. A white-collar job accomplishes greater things for people because white-collar jobs influence economic factors and employment as well as creating technical innovations. As Gloria Steinem points out, "In addition to personal satisfaction, there is also society's need for all its members' talents" (196). The white-collar employee that invents a new computer system that can save patients' lives in the hospital emergency room or the employee that develops new technology that permits a manufacturer to view stock levels at all of its distributors across the nation are promoting life and prosperity, respectively. Although blue

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In his article, "Sprawling, Soulless Dubai," Richard Hywel Evans (2006, p. 11) asserts that Dubai is a chaotic city lacking coherence. Evans (2006, p. 11) states that the "relentless colonization of the desert has led to 'LA syndrome'-there is so much urban sprawl the city lacks a metropolitan heart." Moreover, he attributes a feeling of "soullessness" to the fact that one can stand next to a skyscraper one minute and see barren desert the next (Evans, 2006, p. 11). His point is that Dubai is growing too quickly and not in a planned or organized fashion that allows it to re

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Hendrik Hertzberg's article for The New York Times, "Like, Socialism," mounts a persuasive defense of Barack Obama's political views against charges by members of the Republican party that Obama is a socialist whose ideas for remedying the country's economic problems is to redistribute the wealth. The tone of the article is sarcastic and the writer cites several instances of Republicans calling Obama a socialist before turning the tables and pointing out ostensibly socialist thinking on their own part. The article is a "pot calling the kettle black" variety of defense intended to impugn the criticisms of the Republicans for an offense that the author believes they themselves have committed. Admittedly, Hertzberg's article is persuasive at first blush, as the tricks he uses to convince the reader are misleading but sound plausible. He argues that Republicans see the difference between capitalism and socialism as "the difference between a top marginal income-tax

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The issue of interest in this discussion is the effects that the relationship history of the parties to an international business negotiation process likely will have on the conduct of the negotiations. Negotiation is the preferred approach for conflict resolution among business enterprises regardless of the arena of operations - domestic or international (Gelfand & Dyer, 2000). Further, all international business negotiations should be view as conflict resolution exercises. Each party is pursuing its own specific goals. Thus, regardless of friendliness or unfriendliness and regardless of cooperation or non-cooperation, there exists a conflict of interests between international business organizations when they sit down at the negotiating table (Bazerman & Curhan, 2000). The relationship history between negotiators is relevant to the conduct of negotiations in terms of (a) the past negotiating history between the international business organizations that are involved and

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Officially known as Hernan Cortes de Monroy y Pizarro, the man better known as Hernan Cortes was a Spanish conquistador, explorer, fortune hunter, and soldier who is both acclaimed in reviled in history as the man who led the expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and acquire vast territories of mainland Mexico for Spain.[1] Hernan Cortes was born in 1485 in Medellin, near Seville, Spain and died of pleurisy en route to Mexico in December 1547.[2] The parents of Cortes, Martin Cortes and Catalina Pizarro Altamirano, were of upper class origin but were suffering from "reduced circumstances" [3] at the time of Hernan's birth. The young Cortes suffered from ill health in childhood. By the time he was a teenager, his parents enrolled him at the University of Salamanca at the age of fourteen, hoping he would eventually pursue the law.[4] Cortes did not do well at university. His nature was too restless and he was too easily distracted to focus on his stud

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The Four Seasons Hotels are a chain of deluxe hotels and resorts with a 45-year tradition of elegance and superior customer service. The Four Seasons is no. 88 on Fortune's list of the 100 best companies to work for, notably because "Rewards are big here: Each location has an employee of the month, and the employee of the year gets $1,000, an all-expense-paid trip for two, and an extra week's vacation" ("88. Four Seasons Hotels"). The New York Four Seasons Hotel alone is an award-winning hotel that was voted "North America's best" according to 2008's UltraTravel Magazine ("Welcome to New York"). As the photos of the New York hotel's entrance and one of its restaurants (below) indicates, the hotel's style is marked by massive scale, clean lines, and elegant décor. Known for their beauty, elegance, and tranquility, Four Seasons' hotels and suites such as the one pictured below provide an oasis of comfort and service for high-end travelers. Th

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