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There are numerous theories of motivation that have been developed to explain the processes by means of which individuals become actively engaged in pursing and achieving goals and objectives related to their personal, professional and social lives (Ramlall, 2004). Motivation is further understood as the willingness to exert a high level of effort toward organizational goals, conditioned by the effort's ability to satisfy some internal need (Ramlall, 2004). Thus, motivation is an outcome of a need that must be satisfied and the drive to achieve this satisfaction. In the context of the workplace, motivation is recognized as a key element in fostering enhanced productivity, satisfaction on the part of all stakeholders, employee retention and positive organizational morale (Halepota, 2005). Two articles comparing and contrasting various theories of motivation will be analyzed in this report. Halepota (2005) examined Maslow's Theory of the Hierarchy of Needs and McGregor's Theori

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The global hospitality industry is "incredibly diverse and complex," being affected by trends and consumer interests at varying levels depending upon location (Jones). Consideration of the global brand McDonald's, for example, must be given in light of the fact that its 18,000 restaurants are only a small part of the 8 million restaurants worldwide, of which 206,000 are all located in a single country(China (Jones). Likewise, environmental issues are becoming a force to be reckoned with in the hospitality and other industries, with "environmentally friendly hotels and operating procedures...relatively common especially in Europe," and Australia's new Eco Beach in Western Australia and Eco-hotel in Sydney being prominent examples (Jones). Thus, a focus on Australia's hospitality industry must acknowledge the context of the hospitality industry worldwide and the fact that trends that occur may have a higher concentration and impact in some areas of the world than others.

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Affirmative action represents a form of public policy that attempts to advance social justice by expanding educational, employment and other opportunities to traditionally marginalized groups in society. Rupert Barnes Nacoste (87) maintains that affirmative action is "a public policy for which the goal is clear: to empower disenfranchised groups." In the United States, the actual public policy of "affirmative action" was first used in 1965 by President Lyndon Baines Johnson, whose Executive Order 11246 required federal contractors to take "affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and that employees are treated to employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin" (Sykes 1). In 1967, then President Johnson expanded affirmative action to include more than race protection, extending affirmative action benefits to women (Sykes 1). Expansion of protected groups under the umbrella of affirmative action policies is an ongoing trend in con

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The field of criminal justice, involving as it does a number of discrete organizations, actors and institutions, is a field in which effective communication is vital. Linking these actors - including the police, the courts, corrections systems and program providers, the prosecuting attorneys, and the legal community as a whole - into a coordinated, cohesive unit is difficult and challenging at best. As noted by Lilly, Cullen, and Ball (2007), it is likely that these groups have specific agendas and goals that are often inherently in conflict; consequently, developing effective communication strategies, channels and behaviors is crucial. The co

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Introduction Management planning is a skill that is undervalued when planning goes well but whose true value becomes evident when planning is insufficient and things go awry. A good example of the latter is the debacle at Enron involving the giant accounting firm Arthur Andersen. While Enron's underhanded tactics shocked the world when the truth came out, much of what Enron did was accomplished in complicity with Arthur Anderson, without whose help Enron could not so easily have concealed its enormous debts and avoided paying federal income tax over many years. At least partly as a result of Arthur Anderson's duplicitous handling of Enron's accounting, both firms ended up going out of business, and tens of thousands of employees lost their jobs ("Lou Dobbs Tonight," 2005). This paper will examine Arthur Andersen's planning function; the impact on it of such factors as legal issues, ethics, and corporate social responsibility; and factors that influenced the company's stra

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Introduction In her two novels Sula and Love, Toni Morrison writes stories with different plots but with a common underlying theme(duality. Each novel has characters that are in some way opposites juxtaposed against one another. In Sula, Sula's promiscuity is contrasted with Nel's propriety. In Love, the triangle of Christine, Heed, and Junior is intertwined with righteous indignation at having been wronged and outright manipulation to wrong each other. As Morrison explores the differences and similarities between each set of characters involved in the duality, she leads the reader one step farther. "What if," her stories suggest, "the opposites actually exist within just one person?" Morrison's sharp characterizations delineate substantial differences between the "opposite" characters, yet there is a pervasive feeling throughout both novels that these opposites exist side-by-side inside the average person, to some degree or another. We all have both devil and angel in

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Bill Gates was the richest man in the world for many years. Now he is number three, but he is still worth $58 billion (Miller). He has the top American social status. He owns the Microsoft Corporation and has just stopped being president of that company so that he can retire. He lives in a very large house that is 50,000 square feet ("Bill Gates' House"). The house and the land that it sits on are worth $136,617,000 all together ("Bill Gates' House"). Bill Gates has much influence in America, and Microsoft does too. Whatever Microsoft does, it affects millions of Americans, because many people use Microsoft software. Social status is how someone's position in society compares to everyone else's position in the society. Social class is the level of social status that the person has. Upper class means people that are so rich that they make a lot of money, like doctors. Many upper class people do not have to work. Corporate class means people that work in large

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The visual rhetoric of war monuments spans the gulf between the personal and the universal to convey a message of the import, the cost, and the consequences of war, as well as the meaninglessness of our patriotic symbols. Four monuments that serve as an excellent illustration of this include Three Flags by Jasper Johns, The Vietnam Memorial Wall by Maya Ying Lin, The Three Soldiers by Frederick Hart, and the Vietnam Women's Memorial by Glenna Goodacre. Jasper Johns' 1958 painting Three Flags takes a patriotic symbol, the flag, and "divest[s] it of its original symbolic and conventional usage," instead "transform[ing] it into data for examining perception, visual ambiguity, and the meaning of art itself" (Sims). Johns' flags here are "not the wavy, windblown banner of flagpoles and parades, but the flat, rigid flag characteristic of American folk art and craft" (Sims). Here, the flag is a visual play that shows the flag diminishing in size(and metaphorically in import

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Introduction: According to an essay written by David Singleton published online on the Articlesbase website, industry statistics published by the Photo Marketing Association International indicate that between May of 2006 in May of 2007 the number of digital photograph prints produced in the United States grew by 34 percent. During the same period of time, sales of traditional film cameras decreased by 49 percent. Not only is the quality of digital photographs improving each year, but there is a significant potential cost savings associated with digital photography for the average user (Singleton). According to an article published by Advertising Age, companies including Kodak and Polaroid were undoubtedly caught off-guard by the speed at which the traditional film and photography industry collapsed beginning in the 1990s following the introduction and widespread consumer acceptance of digital photography and digital cameras. This was a time when consumers, and in fact

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Introduction The market has often been compared to a jungle; there is nothing original about that. It is clear that in the marketplace the strong eat the weak. It is also clear that at least in many cases the young displace the old as pack leader. It is not difficult to think of General Motors as an aging lion displaced as a leader, or an Alpha in the terms of an animal behaviorist, by a younger lion from another pride. The young lion is Toyota and the "other" pride is named Japan. What is less obvious is the application of other elements in the Theory of Evolution such as genetic drift to the development of new generations of products. In the Theory of Evolution is based at least in part on the concept that a process of natural selection will occur. In this process organisms with a superior physical makeup will displace similar organisms with inferior physiques. In biology dominant and recessive genes passed from generation to generation control this. In the market place, this is controlled by sales figures. A case in point is the portable p

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Introduction The workplace was once a homogenous environment where most employees had similar educational, cultural and ethnic backgrounds. Today, the workplace is a highly diverse environment both in the United States and abroad where employees from different countries and with different cultural references work side by side, and with colleagues, customers and vendors who can be located anywhere in the world. This increased diversity enriches the organization and can provide increased creativity and innovation, but it can also lead to clashes within the organization that hampers productivity. This research considers the various factors that companies need to take into account when recruiting and bringing new employees into geographically dispersed and culturally diverse organizations, and best practices that these organizations can follow to maximize their long-term potential. Legal and Regulatory framework Best practices for companies begin with e

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In Arthur Miller's play, Death of a Salesman, Willy Loman and his sons Biff and Happy are all plagued by failure. Willy has fixated on imitating a successful salesman, Dave Singleman, who never had to leave his hotel room to make an abundance of sales and whose funeral was attended by many people. Willy sees being well liked as the key to achieving similar success. Encouraging his older son Biff to be well liked, Willy leads Biff to steal, which causes him to be fired from a long succession of jobs. Happy, Biff's younger brother, is largely ignored by his father throughout his life, as Willy has placed all of his dreams and expectations for success upon Biff. Happy is a relatively successful salesman, but he squanders his time and money on cars and women and has never moved up in the company. Arthur Miller has said of Willy Loman that "he cannot bear reality, and since he can't do much to change it, he keeps changing his ideas of it," which makes him "a bleeding mass of con

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In 1972, Congress passed what is usually referred to as a non-discrimination-in-education law, known as Title IX. The basic premise is "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance" (Dept of Labor 1). What is important to recognize here is that Title IX's rules about discrimination affect only those schools which accept some sort of federal funding. Actually, that includes nearly every secondary and college and university, whether the funds come through scholarships, funds for research, even ROTC. In brief, Title IX prohibits "hostile environment" harassment created by students, employees, or others, and until Title VII was amended, Title IX was the only law which prohibited discrimination because of pregnancy. Specifically, Title IX is recognized as the government finally recognizing t

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Pretty much everyone has a cell phone in today’s society. A person without a cell phone is in the distinct minority and is often responded to with incredulity when she says that she does not have one. Well over 50 percent of the population now has a cell phone, a percentage that grows daily. Cell phones have had an enormous impact on the way that people conduct business and communicate in today’s society. Technological advances are the most important factor in the rise of the cell phone. The first cell phones that were introduced, in the 1980s, had only basic call functions and were enormous. Today’s cell phones, on the other han

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Florida’s Amendment 2, passed in November 2008, established a clause in the state’s Constitution banning the union of same-sex couples in the state. The amendment defines marriage a union that can only be between a man and a woman. For the amendment to not have been passed into law would have required more than 40 percent of the state’s voters to vote against it in the election. The amendment passed with 62 percent of voters supporting it, preventing any same-sex couples from entering into a legal marriage in the state of Florida.

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Poverty has plagued American society for decades and programs continue to be developed to aid people suffering from it. A 2004 estimate by the US Census Bureau determined that 35.9 million Americans were living in poverty the previous year. Among them were 12.9 million children. Poverty’s greatest effects are felt by the innocent children who have to grow up in poverty-stricken families without adequate access to food, shelter, and/or health care. To make matters even worse, research has shown that people who grow up in poverty-stricken families tend to raise their own children in poverty. Many different strategies have been used to deal with poverty. Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society in the 1960s involved the creation of new, and expansion of old, programs designed to drag families suffering from poverty out from their situations into more fortunate ones. City slums were destroyed and educational and health programs were created to help families build new lives (Burger, Yo

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This paper will create a framework for the evaluation and management of a project. The framework is designed to help with project planning and development, management, and evaluation. It can be considered a living document, so revisions may be required before it can be applied to any specific future project. Information gleaned from previous projects should be used to improve the framework as time goes by. The framework is as follows: I. Project Preparation A. Concept Definition 1. Cost Estimation B. Numeric Model 1. Profitability a. Net Present Value of Project b. Investment Required c. Return on Investment d. Payback Period 2. Weighted Factor Scoring Model C. Non-numeric Model 1. Feasibility Determination D. Strategic Assessment 1. Benefits of Acceptance 2. Impact of Rejection 3. Time Management 4. Solution Selection 5. Initial Approval E. Planning 1. Project Team F. Vertical Hierarchy 1. Project Manager 2. Function Managers 3. Team

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Sexual harassment is one of the most serious problems in today’s society. It takes place in schools, at sporting events, and at businesses on a regular basis. Many corporations have now begun to adopt anti-harassment policies to protect their employees from this awful practice. Sexual harassment is defined as any unwanted or inappropriate sexual attention. It takes many forms, among them touching, looks, comments, and gestures. Key in describing an action as sexual harassment is that it is unwanted. Harassment can thus be defined as clearly different from romance and friendship, as both romance and friendship are mutual feelings where one person is not being mistreated by the other. Sexual harassment victims often feel guilty over the harassment they are faced with because they feel that they have done something wrong to attract such attentio

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LDRSHIP The Army takes the role of its officers extremely seriously and has developed the acronym LDRSHIP to describe what values it instills into its officers. The elements of LDRSHIP are as follows: L – Loyalty; the commitment or allegiance that a soldier feels for the United States of America. Loyalty provides the motivation for a soldier to serve. Someone who is loyal will never betray the country and will always stay true to it. D – Duty; what is required of you by your position, the law, your customs, or your religion. A soldier is obligated to his unit, his superiors, and his nation to get his job done to th

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One of the values the United States Army most seeks in its soldiers is accountability. Accountability means that you can be relied upon to arrive to work and appointments on time, meet deadlines, be in the right place when the Army needs you to be, and do what needs to be done to get your job done. The most important formation of a soldier’s day is morning formation. The Army uses morning formation to account for everyone and announce any information that soldiers need to know. If not everyone is accountable for morning formation, the Army will not know where everyone is and will not be able to ensure that everyone knows what he or she needs to know to do his or her job. I am currently pending U.S.M.J. action for a violation of Article 15. I showed up late to morning formation and did not call in, thereby failing to fulfill my duties as a soldier and showing myself to be unaccountable. I now rea

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Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary defines accountability as “the state of being accountable; liability to be called on to render an account; accountableness.” One must always remain accountable whether one is part of a formation or a business. Being accounted for means that the people you are responsible to and for know where you are and can rely on you. This is important because someone who is accountable can be relied upon by his or her superiors and juniors to get the job done no matter the time or place. Part of being accountable is remaining available to help the people you work whenever they need your help. Every boss would like to be able to rely on the people he supervises to get their work done well and on time. Showing that you are accountable for the work that your

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Maintaining correct protocol and military bearing both when one is on duty and when one is off duty is important because failure to do so could cause civilians to disrespect the military at all times. Disrespect shown to anyone up the chain of command, from platoon leaders on all the way up to the President, negatively affects the morale and welfare of everyone in the military. A junior soldier who sees me disrespect someone further up the chain of command may follow my lead in the future because my superior rank gives him the impression that such behavior is acceptable. Such behavior will create a more difficult job for his superiors, who will now have to work to keep him in line. His leaders will face greater stress because of this. To maintain correct protocol and military bearing at all times, I need to concentrate on leaving issues that I have outside of work at home because they can impair my abilities to perform my duties as a soldier. This is especially a problem if my

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The purpose of this essay is to examine the phenomenon of corruption in the health-care system in Poland. The plan of the essay will be to set forth the social and political context in which Poland's current health-care system operates and then to discuss how corruption is operationalized, with a view toward identifying the scope of the problem of health-care corruption and forecasting possible lines of reform and development. It is no secret that in the United States there is widespread dissatisfaction with the system of health-care delivery, which is perceived as expensive and subject to the bureaucratic discretion of payment officials who may have no medical expertise but a good deal of insurance authority. Some advocates call for a single-payer system of care similar in structure to the Medicare plan. Reference is not infrequently made to the "free"--that is, tax-funded--health care available in Europe. But European health care is not uniform or uniformly a

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To identify the central beliefs of Islam is not necessarily a straightforward process. That is because it "may be both a religious faith and a political ideology; it is also, in some contexts, a mark of personal and group identity. These three definitions neither exclude nor include each other" (Ruthven, 2000, p. 2). Even so, Islam has definite historical roots. The other monotheistic religions that grew up in the Middle East, Judaism and Christianity, had somewhat more obscure origins. Islam can be traced to its founder and prophet, Muhammad. Indeed, Muhammad conceived his religion at least in part as a response to what he characterized as the imperfections of the other two. For example, Jews "are declared [by Muhammad] to have closed their eyes to the confirmation of their own heritage when they rejected the message of Islam" (Campbell, 1978, p. 422). The Christians, meanwhile, adopted a form of polytheism "with their Trinitarian doctrines. . . misreading the words of

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The Brenda Lee song "It's A Marshmallow World" provides an interesting contrast to William Wordsworth's classic poem "I Wandered Lonely as A Cloud." On the assumption that song lyrics are in essence a form of poetry, the song and the poem can be compared and contrasted to find common elements and distinctive differences. "It's A Marshmallow World" is on the surface just a bit of fluff(a happy song with little meaning. However, it does manifest many of the same elements and concepts as the poem. One of these is personification. The song refers to the marshmallow clouds as being "friendly" and talks about "the arms of the ever-green-trees" ("It's A Marshmallow World"). It states that the sun "is shining so your nose won't freeze," implying benevolence on the part of the sun ("It's A Marshmallow World"). In this song, the entire "marshmallow world" seems to be alive and friendly, peopled with personified elements of nature whose purpose is to be welcoming and comfort

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